摘要:为了使泌尿外科医生更好地了解青少年精索静脉曲张,提升精索静脉曲张的诊断准确性,更好地把握精索 静脉曲张的手术时机和手术方式,提高精索静脉曲张的治愈率,本文对2020年发布的《青少年精索静脉曲张诊治 中国小儿泌尿外科专家共识》进行解读。
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亓立成,楚宁. 《青少年精索静脉曲张诊治中国小儿泌尿外科专家共识》解读[J]. 泌尿外科杂志(电子版),2021,13(4):6-9. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7410.2021.04.002.
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精索静脉曲张 (varicocele,VC) 是指静脉反流 所致的睾丸蔓状静脉丛异常扩张,可有同侧睾丸生 长发育障碍、疼痛、不适症状以及不育等。近年 来,根据国内外相关流行病学调查发现青少年 VC的 患病率呈升高趋势,与成人的患病率相近。青少年 VC在治疗上与成年人存在许多不同点,多数学者认 为青少年 VC 可导致睾丸发育异常,精子生成障碍, 精子质量下降,早期干预可能逆转这一过程。因 此,为了使泌尿外科医生对青少年 VC进行更为准确 的医学诊疗,本文对 2020年发布的 《青少年精索静 脉曲张诊治中国小儿泌尿外科专家共识》(以下简称 《共识》) 进行解读。
1 流行病学
2 病因学
3 病理生理学
4 诊断
4.1 病史
4.2 体格检查
4.3 辅助检查
4.4 鉴别诊断
5 治疗
5.1 保守治疗
5.1.1 一般治疗
5.1.2 药物治疗
5.2 手术治疗
5.2.1 手术指征
5.2.2 手术方式
6 术后效果及随访
6 术后效果及随访
《共识》 阐明了手术对睾丸生长、精液质量改善 和疼痛缓解三方面的获益,手术可以促进患者睾丸 发育,减少两侧睾丸体积差异,虽然对精液质量提 高的获益不大[21] ,但可以缓解 90%以上患儿疼痛症 状,达到手术目的。总体来看,手术是治疗青少年 VC最佳方法,在一定程度上可以改善睾丸体积、缓解疼痛,但也可能出现睾丸鞘膜积液、输精管损伤、睾丸萎缩、复发等并发症[22-23] 。对于生育能力的 改善,目前尚没有确切证据。 无论采取保守治疗还是手术治疗的青少年 VC患 儿都应严格随访,主要项目包括病史、体格检查、 阴囊超声、精液分析以及疼痛症状等[24] 。《共识》 强 调对于保守治疗患儿,随访尤为重要,如睾丸大小 正常,至少每年随访 1次;随访过程中发现睾丸萎缩 指数进行性增加、精液质量多次异常、睾丸疼痛加 重,可考虑行手术治疗。采取手术治疗患儿,术后 1~2周检查有无并发症,第 2次随访在术后半年,此 后 1~2年随访1次即可。
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