摘要:加速外科康复(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)方案是基于循证医学,由外科、麻醉、营养、护理等多方面协作而成的一种系统性、综合性的治疗策略,其路径贯穿住院前至出院后的完整诊疗过程。ERAS方案旨在减少手术创伤、缩短术后恢复时间、降低并发症发生率、提高患者术后生活质量。腹腔镜体腔内尿流改道术是治疗膀胱恶性肿瘤的有效方法之一,然而,关于其联合ERAS的应用研究相对较少。基于此,本文将系统探讨ERAS方案在腹腔镜下尿流改道术中的应用现状,评估其对术后恢复、并发症发生率及患者满意度的影响。
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膀胱癌是泌尿系统常见肿瘤,其90%以上来源于尿路上皮组织,2022年我国新发膀胱癌9.29万例,死亡4.14万例[1]。根治性膀胱切除术是肌层浸润性膀胱癌(muscle-invasive bladder cancer,MIBC)及高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的主要治疗方法,有效提高患者生存率[2-3]。近年来,随着泌尿外科手术相关器械和设备的更新换代,传统开放式根治性膀胱切除术已逐渐被腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术及机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术所取代,腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术+尿流改道术是当前治疗MIBC的标准方式。腹腔镜技术具有创伤小、美观、降低体液丢失等优势。接受尿流改道的患者中位患病年龄高,常伴有糖尿病、冠心病、高血压、贫血等老年相关性疾病,加之就医时会有因不同原因引起的不同程度营养不良,如高龄、食欲减退、疼痛、新辅助化疗等,这意味着患者在手术过程中将面临较大的应激反应,术后易出现相关并发症。加速外科康复(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)方案是坚持以患者为中心、多学科合作的治疗策略,通过在术前、术中和术后采取一系列措施以减轻手术创伤,减少患者心理及生理应激,促进术后恢复,提高患者的手术结果和生活质量。一篇发表在《英国国际泌尿学杂志》(BJU International)研究,对比40例接受机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+尿流改道术的常规治疗与经ERAS治疗的方式,其结果表明,ERAS管理模式可以缩短住院时间,减少90d再住院率,降低30d和90d内胃肠道并发症发生率,降低90d所有并发症发生率,但仍有部分患者术后出现并发症而影响预后[4]。目前ERAS方案应用于腹腔镜体腔内尿流改道术相关报道较少[5]。对此,本文将对近年来ERAS在腹腔镜尿流改道术中的应用现状进行概述与探讨,为同领域临床医师及研究者提供参考,为该领域的深入研究与临床实践提供一定思路。
1 ERAS方案
2 腹腔镜体腔内尿流改道
3 ERAS方案在腹腔镜下体腔内尿流改道的应用现状
4 结论
ERAS方案作为一种系统性、综合性的治疗策略,可以有效地改善腹腔镜下尿流改道术患者的术后恢复、降低并发症的发生风险、提高生活质量。然而,目前关于我国ERAS在该领域的研究还相对较少,需要进一步开展大规模、多中心的临床研究,以验证其在腹腔镜下尿流改道术中的应用效果。随着医学技术的不断进步和临床实践的深入,相信ERAS方案在腹腔镜下尿流改道术中的应用前景将更加广阔、使用范围更加广泛。
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