摘要：晚期肾癌 （renal cell carcinoma, RCC） 预后较差，靶向药物及免疫检查点抑制剂虽可使部分患者生存获 益，但存在生物利用度差、非特异靶向性、药物相关副反应多等问题，同时长期治疗易产生耐药性，降低了治疗 效果。纳米材料为近年肿瘤领域研究的热点，具有可控的表面化学活性、可控的药物释放动力学以及高渗透长滞 留效应，不仅本身可诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡，也可参与药物的精准化靶向输送。纳米材料在 RCC治疗的基础性研 究中取得了一些成果，但成功运用于临床仍存在一些尚待解决的问题。论文综述了纳米材料在 RCC治疗中的应 用，并探讨了纳米材料成功运用于临床所面临的挑战，以期为今后纳米材料相关研究和应用提供参考。

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马春雷,付伟金. 纳米材料在肾癌治疗中的研究进展[J]. 泌尿外科杂志（电子版）,2021,13(2):69-72. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7410.2021.02.016.

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肾细胞癌 （renal cell carcinoma, RCC） 的发病 率约占全身恶性肿瘤的 3%，早期或局限性 RCC患者 可通过根治性肾切除术获得治愈，而晚期或转移性 RCC 患者预后较差，5年生存率低于 10%[1] 。免疫检 查点抑制剂 （immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs） 及 酪 氨 酸 激 酶 抑 制 剂 （tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKIs） 虽可使部分晚期 RCC患者生存获益[2,3] ，但长 期治疗易产生耐药性[4,5] ，相关药物不良反应也降低 了治疗效果。因此寻找一种高效、副反应少的治疗 方式对于提高晚期或转移性 RCC 患者的生存期十分重要。

纳米材料在三维空间尺度上至少有一维处于纳 米量级 （1~100 nm），主要包括金属、磁性、脂质 体等[6] 。它具有可控的表面化学活性，可通过药物释 放动力学以及高渗透长滞留效应 （enhanced permeability and retention, EPR） 富集在肿瘤组织中[7,8] ， 为肿瘤精准治疗带来了希望。近年纳米材料应用于 相关肿瘤如晚期卵巢癌、转移性胰腺癌、乳腺癌等 取得了初步疗效[9] 。在 RCC 治疗中也取得了一定进 展[10-13] 。本文现就纳米材料在 RCC 治疗中的研究进展作一综述。

1 纳米材料的独立应用

2 纳米材料的联合应用
    2.1 纳米材料与靶向药物的联合
    2.2 纳米材料在基因载体系统中的应用

3 存在问题

4 结语与展望

4 结语与展望 

纳米材料在 RCC 的基础性研究中虽取得了一些 成果，但应当看到纳米材料的大小、形状、表面特 性等影响着纳米材料的有效性以及对人体的毒副反 应。在今后纳米材料的开发研究中，需要重点关注 这些特性，以降低毒副反应，提高临床治疗有效 性，并经过大规模、多中心、随机、对照研究验证 其临床疗效后，才能真正地将纳米材料成功地运用 到 RCC的临床治疗中。

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